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https://youtu.be/hiUvCwclc-4BISE Bahawalpur Jobs October 2024 November Apply Online Positions:Distributing InspectorSupe...
30/10/2024

https://youtu.be/hiUvCwclc-4

BISE Bahawalpur Jobs October 2024 November Apply Online

Positions:

Distributing Inspector
Superintendent
Deputy Superintendent
Practical Examiner
Invigilators
BISE Bahawalpur Jobs October 2024 November Apply Online
Please visit the link given below to Apply Online for Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education (BISE) Bahawalpur Jobs October 2024 November:

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BISE Bahawalpur Jobs October 2024 November Apply Online BISE Bahawalpur Jobs October 2024 November Apply On...

https://youtu.be/SStcpFVzVsIHR Assistant Jobs in USAID Pakistan 2024Positions:USAID HR Assistant – Executive Office (FSN...
30/10/2024

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HR Assistant Jobs in USAID Pakistan 2024

Positions:

USAID HR Assistant – Executive Office (FSN-09)
USAID Pakistan Jobs 2024 October / November Apply Online
Please visit the link given below to Apply Online for USAID Pakistan Jobs 2024 October / November for Human Resources Assistant:

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HR Assistant Jobs in USAID Pakistan 2024 HR Assistant Jobs in USAID Pakistan 2024Positions:USAID HR Assista...

https://youtu.be/xygKWt9FNR8Software Engineer Jobs in Foundation University Islamabad Positions:Senior Software Engineer...
30/10/2024

https://youtu.be/xygKWt9FNR8

Software Engineer Jobs in Foundation University Islamabad

Positions:

Senior Software Engineers
Software Engineer

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https://youtu.be/GvrDCCLezs0Pak Turk Maarif international school and colleges jobs Are you a people person with excellen...
30/10/2024

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Pak Turk Maarif international school and colleges jobs
Are you a people person with excellent communication skills? We’re looking for a friendly and professional Front Desk Officer to be the face of our institute.

Apply at: [email protected]

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https://youtu.be/EJ9NSiXsP_wKutiyana Memon Hospital Karachi Postgraduate Residency Program 2024Positions:=== Postgraduat...
30/10/2024

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Kutiyana Memon Hospital Karachi Postgraduate Residency Program 2024

Positions:

=== Postgraduate Residency Training Program ===
Anesthesiology
Medicine
Obstetrics & Gynecology
Pediatrics
Surgery

Kutiyana Memon Hospital Karachi Postgraduate Residency Program 2024 Positions:=== Postgraduate Residency Training Program ===AnesthesiologyMe...

https://youtu.be/jdC6NO4OgMMUniversity of Health Sciences Lahore Jobs Positions:=== BPS-16 ===09 Registration Officer / ...
30/10/2024

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University of Health Sciences Lahore Jobs
Positions:

=== BPS-16 ===
09 Registration Officer / Sorting Officers
01 Assistant Accounts Officer
02 Web Master / Assistant Software Engineer
01 Software Engineer
=== BPS-15 ===
02 Chef
01 Bakery Chef
=== BPS-14 ===
03 Hostel Warden
=== BPS-11 ===
01 Cashier
04 Data Entry Operator
02 Security Supervisor
01 Telephone Supervisor
=== BPS-09===
02 Senior Cameraman
=== BPS-08 ===
01 Audio Visual Operator
=== BPS-06 ===
03 Security Guard
=== BPS-05 ===
03 Telephone Operators
=== BPS-03 ===
03 AC Mechanic
=== BPS-02 ===
01 Book Binder
02 Audio Visual Attendants
01 Head Janitor
=== BPS-01 ===
01 Waiter
02 Naib Qasid
04 Gardener / Mali
01 Lift Operator
70 Janitor
University of Health Sciences Lahore Jobs October 2024 November Apply Online

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30/10/2024

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Muslim hands organization jobs

Muslim hands organization jobs Muslim Hands HIRING!People Management and Protection Officer (Global Operations) I...

https://youtu.be/VDeOLVDTzMsSurface Anatomy of Heart The surface anatomy of the heart involves the external landmar...
26/10/2024

https://youtu.be/VDeOLVDTzMs
Surface Anatomy of Heart

The surface anatomy of the heart involves the external landmarks that can be observed or palpated on the chest wall. Here’s a detailed overview:

1. Location
The heart is located in the mediastinum, specifically in the thoracic cavity, between the lungs and behind the sternum.
Its position is typically described as extending from the second rib down to the fifth intercostal space.
2. Borders of the Heart
Right Border: Formed primarily by the right atrium.
Left Border: Formed by the left ventricle and a portion of the left atrium.
Inferior Border: Formed by the right and left ventricles.
Superior Border: Formed by the aorta and pulmonary trunk, with the right and left atria.
3. Surface Landmarks
Precordial Region: The area over the heart is often referred to as the precordium, which can be palpated.
Apex of the Heart: Located in the fifth intercostal space at the midclavicular line (around the left side of the chest).
Sternocostal Surface: The anterior surface of the heart, which is mainly formed by the right atrium and right ventricle.
4. Cardiac Borders and Relations
Right Border: Extends from the right atrium, often related to the sternum.
Left Border: Extends from the left ventricle, often in contact with the left lung.
Inferior Border: Formed by both ventricles, facing the diaphragm.
5. Heart Sounds
The heart valves produce specific sounds that can be auscultated in distinct areas:
Aortic Area: Right second intercostal space (near the sternum).
Pulmonic Area: Left second intercostal space.
Tricuspid Area: Left lower sternal border (fourth intercostal space).
Mitral Area: Left fifth intercostal space at the midclavicular line (apex of the heart).
6. Surface Projections of Major Structures
The aorta and pulmonary trunk can be projected onto the chest wall:
The aorta ascends from the left ventricle, arches over the pulmonary trunk, and then descends into the thorax.
The superior vena cava enters the right atrium at the upper aspect of the right border.
7. Clinical Relevance
Knowledge of the surface anatomy is essential for procedures such as:
Cardiac auscultation: Identifying heart sounds for clinical diagnosis.
Central venous catheter placement: Understanding anatomical landmarks to avoid complications.
Conclusion
The surface anatomy of the heart provides crucial insights into its location, orientation, and relationship with surrounding structures, which is important for both clinical practice and anatomical education.

Surface Anatomy of Heart Anatomy Lecture The surface anatomy of the heart involves the external landmarks that can be observed or pal...

https://youtu.be/XcNL5VbSCjoChemistry and Synthesis of Cholesterol Biochemistry Lecture Cholesterol is a crucial...
26/10/2024

https://youtu.be/XcNL5VbSCjo
Chemistry and Synthesis of Cholesterol Biochemistry Lecture


Cholesterol is a crucial lipid molecule that plays significant roles in cellular structure and function, as well as in the synthesis of hormones and bile acids. Here's an overview of its chemistry and synthesis:

Chemistry of Cholesterol
Structure: Cholesterol is a sterol, characterized by a four-ring core structure known as the steroid nucleus, with a hydrocarbon tail and a hydroxyl group (-OH) at the third carbon. Its chemical formula is C₂₇H₄₆O.

Properties: Cholesterol is hydrophobic, making it insoluble in water. However, its hydroxyl group gives it some amphipathic properties, allowing it to interact with both lipid and aqueous environments.

Synthesis of Cholesterol
Cholesterol is synthesized primarily in the liver through a multi-step biochemical pathway known as the mevalonate pathway. The synthesis can be summarized in several key stages:

Acetyl-CoA Formation:

Cholesterol synthesis begins with acetyl-CoA, derived from carbohydrates, fatty acids, or amino acids.
Mevalonate Pathway:

Two molecules of acetyl-CoA condense to form acetoacetyl-CoA, which is then converted to HMG-CoA (3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA) through the action of the enzyme HMG-CoA synthase.
HMG-CoA is then reduced to mevalonate by the enzyme HMG-CoA reductase, which is the rate-limiting step in cholesterol synthesis and a target for statin drugs.
Mevalonate to Isoprenoid Units:

Mevalonate undergoes phosphorylation and decarboxylation to produce isoprenoid units (isopentenyl pyrophosphate and dimethylallyl pyrophosphate).
Formation of Squalene:

Isoprenoid units polymerize to form squalene, a linear precursor to sterols.
Cyclization to Lanosterol:

Squalene undergoes a series of enzymatic reactions, including cyclization, to form lanosterol, which is the first sterol in the pathway.
Conversion to Cholesterol:

Lanosterol is then converted into cholesterol through a series of modifications, including demethylation and double bond reduction. This final conversion involves multiple enzymatic steps, leading to the mature cholesterol molecule.
Regulation of Cholesterol Synthesis
Cholesterol synthesis is tightly regulated by various mechanisms, including:
Feedback inhibition: High levels of cholesterol inhibit HMG-CoA reductase activity.
Hormonal regulation: Insulin promotes cholesterol synthesis, while glucagon and other hormones can inhibit it.
Dietary intake: High dietary cholesterol can also reduce endogenous synthesis.
Conclusion
Understanding the chemistry and synthesis of cholesterol is vital for comprehending its biological roles and the implications for health, particularly in relation to cardiovascular disease and metabolic disorders.

Chemistry and Synthesis of Cholesterol Biochemistry Lecture Cholesterol is a crucial lipid molecule that plays significant role...

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