10/10/2021
Gypsywort
Hairy perennial herb with two-lipped flowers. Flowers small, white, tubular, with free petal lobes of no particular unique structure. Calyx with a series of spiny projections giving the flower clusters a bristly appearance. Flowers clustered in the leaf axils. Stem naked or finely downy. Leaves elongate, narrow, deeply cut with toothlike lobes. Rhizomes transverse, producing long stolons enlarged at apex,
: Lycopus europaeus is a perennial forb that prefers to grow in wet soils and can tolerate flooding. It can be found in fens, fen cars, dune-slacks, ditches, and shorelines (Online Atlas 2012). It can grow in a variety of soils: sandy, loamy, or clay, and acidic, neutral, or basic. European water horehound can grow in full sun to semi-shade (light woodland).
Lycopus europaeus flowers from June to September. The flowers have both male and female organs and are pollinated by bees and flies (OWC NERR 2011, Percival 1947). The seeds ripen and disperse from August to October (OWC NERR 2011).
Lycopus europaeus seeds are very buoyant and be transported via waterways (Vogt et al. 2006). Ninety percent of seeds were still float after 176 days in stagnant water or 256 days in moving water (van den Broek et al. 2005). Seeds can also withstand passing through the digestive track of several species. Cosyns et al. (2005) found that a portion of seeds were viable after being eaten by horses and cattle. Lycopus europaeus seeds that passed through the digestive track of mallard ducks had a high germination rate (>25%). It is probable that mallard ducks are responsible, at least in part, for the long-range dispersal of European water horehound.
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